Isoseismal Map
The varying intensity grades of an earthquake can be plotted on a map, producing what is called an isoseismal map. Now you will construct such a map, using the following compilation of reports for the earthquake that struck California on April 18, 1906 at 5:12 am. Compare the descriptions provided from each area to the Modified Mercalli scale (upper frame), and assign an intensity to each report. Record this intensity value in the circle next to the abbreviation for the location on the copy of the map that has been distributed to you. By way of example, the first three locations are done for you.
Locality map showing sites where information was gathered after the April 18, 1906 earthquake.
NOTE: The abbreviations following the town- or city-names are those
used to designate localities on the map. Plot each intensity value on the
map inside the circle next to the abbreviation for the location. You may use the Arabic
numerals (i.e., 0, 1, 2, ..., 11, 12) instead of the Roman numerals (0,
I, II, ..., XI, XII). Use a contour interval of 2 (II), with contours for
2, 4, 6, 8, etc. It is advisable to start from the high-end, as follows:
1. Find your highest even-numbered intensity. Draw a loop enclosing
all the places with the highest even-numbered intensity, and any higher
odd-numbered intensities.
EXAMPLE: If your highest even-numbered intensity is 10, then the loop should enclose all the 10's and 11's. All intensities lower than 10 should be outside of the loop.
2. Now draw a loop enclosing the places of the next lower even-numbered
intensity.
In the EXAMPLE, the next lower even-numbered intensity is 8. Draw a loop to enclose all the 8's (and 9's). All intensities lower than 8 should be outside the loop.
3. And so on, down to the loop enclosing all the 2's (and 3's),
and excluding all intensities less than 2. Stop here.
When your isoseismal map is completed, you will be able to determine the approximate location of the epicenter. Mark the epicenter with a star on the map.
REPORTS FOLLOWING THE 1906 SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE
|
|
Roseburg, OR (R) | Not felt, not recorded. |
Redding, CA (R) | Many people awakened. Some windows broken. Loose objects did not move. Some trees shook. |
Medford, OR (M) | Few people awakened. An open door set slightly swinging. Parked automobiles rocked. |
Crescent city, CA (CC) | Felt by many, vibrations lasting 5 seconds. Some cracked plaster and windows. |
Eureka, CA (E) | Many chimneys fell. Some wooden houses shifted off their foundations. Many underground water, sewer and gas pipes were broken. |
Fort Bragg, CA (FB) | All brick buildings completely destroyed. Some wooden buildings collapsed or were partly wrecked. Many landslides. |
Point Arena, CA (PA) | All brick buildings completely destroyed. Foundations of some wooden houses collapsed. Most windows broken. Lighthouse shifted off vertical and cracked. Rock slides. Broad cracks in ground. |
Clear Lake, CA (CL) | Brick buildings collapsed when shifted off their foundations. Some wooden houses damaged. Cracks mainly in uncompacted sediments, but no cracks observed in some areas. Loose objects thrown to the floor. Some utilities interrupted. |
Red Bluff, CA (RB) | Awakened some sleepers, Some people became dizzy. No objects overthrown, but large standing objects rocked. |
Colusa, CA (C) | Many sleepers awakened. Some light furniture and hanging objects moved. Trees swayed. Windows broken. |
Auburn, CA (A) | Shock felt by everyone. Many people awakened. Some fallen plaster. Heavy furniture moved, but little damage. |
Sonora, CA (SA) | A few people awakened. Few broken windows. |
Sacramento, CA (SC) | People awakened. Trees shook. Broken windows. |
Stockton, CA (SO) | Alarmed many people. A considerable number of people suffered from nausea and dizziness. Few objects fell. Only minor cracks to some brick buildings, some plaster was cracked. Waves generated on a lake. |
Fresno, CA (F) | General awakening of sleepers. No damage to buildings except for some broken windows. Some utility poles moved. |
Bakersfield, CA (B) | Strong enough to rattle doors and windows. Some cracked plaster. |
Fallon, NV (F) | Light sleepers awakened. Felt like a thump inside buildings. Suspended objects swayed slightly. |
Winnemucca, NV (W) | No shock felt. Hanging lamps and signs swayed slightly. |
Reno, NV (R) | Shock felt be a few people. Swinging of many suspended objects. |
Elko, NV (E) | Not felt, no sign of movement. |
Santa Rosa, CA (SR) | 61 people killed. Ground waves during the earthquake 2 feet (67 cm) high. Broad cracks in ground. Business district almost totally destroyed. Liquid in vats thrown into the air. Water pipes pulled apart. Several dozen residences damaged. |
San Francisco, CA (SF) | Damage distribution was uneven, depending on subsurface composition. Panic was general, over 260 people killed. Many masonry buildings completely destroyed. Rails of cable cars bent greatly. Severe damage to wooden structures. Land surface thrown into small waves or folds. Open ground fissures developed in some areas. Sewers and water mains were destroyed. |
Stanford, CA (ST) | Extensive damage to both wood and stone structures. Masonry badly cracked. Water thrown out of water tank. Brick fell down, concrete remained standing on a building. Large trees and statues overthrown. Fallen chimneys. Mud eruptions. |
Hollister, CA (H) | Poorly built masonry buildings collapsed. Unsupported brick walls collapsed. Half the chimneys fell. Heavy furniture moved. Landslide nearby. All brick buildings destroyed or badly damaged. |
Mount Hamilton, CA (MH) | Some cracked plaster. Book shelves moved. Some broken glass. |
Los Banos, CA (LB) | Many chimneys fell. Frame buildings not damaged. Some falling plaster. |
Salinas, CA (SL) | Felt by all, damaged chimneys. Some brick buildings and many walls fell. Shelf goods were shaken down. Some heavy articles were overturned. However, heavy furniture such as pianos and billiard tables were not moved. |
Santa Barbara, CA (SB) | Some people were awakened. At least one person was dizzy. Nothing was out of place, no plaster cracked. |
Los Angeles, CA (LA) | Few felt shock, caused doors and windows to rattle. |
San Diego, CA (SD) | Not felt. |
[RETURN TO MAIN PAGE, USE BACK BUTTON]