Psychology 3215 Perception - Fall 2020
DATE	DAY	TOPICS and CLASS MATERIALS
Measurement of Perceptual Experience
*	*	Structure of Course, Requirements, etc.
*	*	Founding of Psychophysics Classic Visual Illusions - What do they tell us? A strong Ponzo Illusion Brightness illusion St. Louis Arch Zollner Illusion An interactive Muller-Lyer illusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Fechner: The mind-body problem and the importance of the absolute threshold Classical Psychophysical Techniques Methods Practice Exercise for determining the Absolute Threshold Normal Distribution Minibiographies of Fechner - Boring 1961 - Boring 1966 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Visual Illusion vs. Optical Illusion Your Textbook: 9-12
*	*	Methods (Cont.)
*	*	Difference Thresholds Picture of Ernst Weber Method Practice Exercise for determining a Difference Threshold More Practice Explaining a Difference Threshold Difference thresholds & Weber's Law  Weber's Law (v.2.0) Example Weber Fractions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Your Textbook: 12-14
*	*	Weber's Law vs. Fechner's Law ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Brightness:  Another way to think about the psychophysical relationship Is it JNDs or equal increments in psychological change that you seek?  Are they different? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Relationship Fechner's Law Equation Exercise to guide you through Fechner's Law ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A  Brief Visit to the Land of Logarithms Table of Logarithms Common Logarithm Plot  Binary Logarithm Plot Piano Notes Psychophysical Function of Pitch & Frequency Octave Effect Polygon Spiral Logarithmic Spiral Weather System Spiral Logarithmic Spiral in Nautilus Shell ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Slide Rule:  Your logarithmic buddy Example 1      Example 2 Basic Operation    Basic Operation (with details) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Your Textbook: 14-15
*	*	Magnitude estimation & Stevens' Power Law Magnitude Estimation Demo Results of Magnitude Estimation Task with Circles Power Law Possible Relationships How The Exponent is Calculated Example Exponents Power Law Exercise Your Textbook: 16
*	*	Signal Detection Theory Basic SDT Outcome Table Sample ROC curve Separating Strategy from Sensitivity Practice interpreting ROC curves Your Textbook: 540-550
*	*	Signal Detection Theory Detection Problems Mammogram from UW Radiology Bombs in Luggage Signal Detection Theory 3 HIV Tests - from Swets (1992) --------------------------------------------------------- Gorilla in the Misty Xray - The Xray --------------------------------------------------------- Your Textbook:
Sept	4	It's all about 3 guys ... ... and their descendants Question & Answer/Review [ Study Guide ]
Sept	7	Test 1
VISION I
*	*	Physics of Light Light is a portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible Spectrum Basic Terminology of Situation Relationship between Visual Angle & Retinal Image size Your Textbook: 41-43 Living in a Reversed World - Ivo Kohler ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Structure of our Eyes Simple Diagram of Eye Saggital Schematic with Retinal Section Diagram of Eye Front of Eye Anatomy of Lens Human Retina My Myopic Crescent & Choroidal Folds Diagram of the Retina Another Retina Diagram Notice the size of Aimee's fovea Human Fovea Rod/Cone Distribution Another map of Rod/Cone Distribution Acuity Threshold ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Cat Tapetum Simple Diagram of other Eyes Compound Eye Compound Eye Circuitry Eye Movement Tutorial Why do I have blue eyes? [Eye Color 1] [Eye Color 2] Here are instructions for the do-it-yourselfer: Cow's Eye Everything you wanted to know about the Vertebrate Retina Your Textbook: 43-58
*	*	Structure of Eye continued Visual Pathways
*	*	Duplex Retina Dark Adaptation Function -- Basic effect Purkinje Shift Effect Luminous Efficiency Function Luminous Efficiency Function - Daylight vs Night Visual Pigment Bleaching and Regeneration experiments Two Separate Visual Systems in each Eye!! Dark Adaptation Curve Range of Light Intensities Night Blindness - Vitamin A Deficiency (Hecht & Mandelbaum, 1940) Achromatopsia - Island of the Color Blind Your Textbook: 59-60 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Diseases/Disorders of the Eye Red Reflex Test Age-related Macular Degeneration AMD-dry AMD-wet Effect Amsler Test Effect 2 Retinitis Pigmentosa Problem Effect Diabetic Retinopathy Cataract ----- KMS 2004 ----- KMS 2015 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Compound Eye Compound Eye Circuitry Wolf Spider Eyes: WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 Anableps - The 4-eyed Fish Close View of Eye of Anableps Another Close View of Eye of Anableps Diagram of Eye of Anableps Anableps in Vancouver Acquarium Your Textbook: 70-74
*	*	Brightness Constancy & Brightness Contrast Reminder: Basic Terminology of Situation Example of Simultaneous Brightness Contrast (adjustable) Example of Simultaneous Brightness Contrast (another adjustable) Example of Simultaneous Brightness Contrast McCourt Effect Benussi Rings Mach Bands Mach Bands - luminance vs lightness/brightness (adjustable) Example of Mach Bands Hermann Grid Illusion Hermann Grid Illusion #2 Hermann Grid Illusion on Steroids? (Scintillating Grid Illusion) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The Horseshoe Crab (Limulus) Limulus again Compound Eye Compound Eye Structure Lateral Plexus Lateral Inhibition Circuit Lateral Inhibition Effect Diagram of Human Retina ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Return to the Back of the Eye - Problem of Pseudo-edges Stabilized Retinal Image Fading Dot ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Issue of Luminance vs Reflectance Adelson Checker Shadow Illusion [Original] [Analysis] [Both] More cool illusions from the Adelson web site Spatial Frequency and Hybrid Images Illusory Staircase Gelb Effect ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Another reason to thank the Horseshoe Crab Horseshoe Crab Blood Article on Horseshoe Crab blood harvesting Your Textbook:
*	*	Brightness Constancy & Brightness Contrast cont.
*	*	Color Newton's Separation Experiment - Demo Prism in operation Newton's Mixing Experiment Dimensions of Color - Better Visible Spectrum Issue of Source of Illuminance Creating colors from other colors Additive Color Demo Creating colors using subtraction Subtractive Color Demo Additive & Subtractive Color Demo The Color Circle  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The Problem of Describing Color The Munsell System of Color Notation - Subtractive System CIE XYZ Color System - Additive System ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Systems ----- The problem of device gamut The problem of unequal JNDs MacAdam (1931) Discrimination Ellipses The CIE 1976 Solution: CIE Luv RGB Color System HSV Cone Model RGB Color Mixing Demo Nonspectral Colors! Pantone Matching System colors Pantone - RGB Conversions Official ASU Colors Official ASU Colors in both Additive and Subtractive specification systems Meet the Blacks! Munsell Crayola Crayons Your Textbook: 155-162
*	*	Mechanisms of Signaling Different Colors Hermann von Helmholtz Helmholtz's Color Mixing Experiments  Color Mixing Experiments Results  Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory  Ewald Hering - Opponent Process Theory Hering's Objections to Trichromatic Theory Opponent Process Theory Summary  Return to the Color Circle Colored Afterimages Colored Afterimages 2 Colored Afterimages 3 Spectral Sensitivity of Photoreceptors (2) Another Look at the Retina Opponent Process Circuit CIE L*A*B* color system ---------------------------------------------------------------------- New Explanation of Evolution of Color Vision in Mammals The Mantis Shrimp - 16 Photopigments! Maxwell's Additive Color Mixing System Your Textbook: 163-166, 170-176
*	*	Color Blindness and Color Deficiencies Protanopia -- Deuteranopia -- Tritanopia Some types of Color Blindness are a Sex-linked Trait Simulation of Color Blindness Another Simulation of Color Blindness Dichromatic Color Blindness Summary  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tests for Color Deficiencies Ishihara Test - Demo Ishihara Test - Transformation Ishihara Test - Vanishing Ishihara Test - Hidden Digit Ishihara Test - Diagnostic Farnsworth D15 Test Try the D15 Test HERE Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hues Test Try the F-M 100 Hues Test HERE D-15 Patterns for color blindness ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Do some women have 4 color receptors? What is the problem with the Y Chromosome? Your Textbook: 183-186
		Color Contrast and Color Constancy Simultaneous Color Contrast Example #1 Example #2 More examples (some from Josef Albers, Interaction of Color) #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 Yet Another Contrast Example Return to the Color Circle (Complementary Colors) Another Look at the Retina -------------------------------------------- Color Constancy Return to Issue of Source of Illuminance Edwin Land - Mondrian Experiments Surface vs Illuminance Issue Purves Contrast Cube Purves Constancy Cube Purves Lab @ Duke Return to issue of Scaling and Lightness Your Textbook: 177-182 -------------------------------------------- White Dress/Blue Dress? and the answer is...
		Finding Edges vs. Filling In Return to Diagram of Eye Stabilized Retinal Image Return to Simultaneous Brightness Contrast Return to Hermann Grid Illusion Return to Simultaneous Color Contrast Fading Dot Illusion Fading Dot Color AfterEffect Illusion Kaniza Figure Spreading Neon Illusion Subjective Colors Benham's Top MacKay Star Color Vision Issues & Painting Topic 1 - Paint & Color (a) Tempera vs. Oil 1 2 3 Topic 2 - Color Interactions (a) Color Enhancement 1 Michelangelo (b) Color & Light Monet Topic 3 - Luminance and Equiluminance (a) Equiluminance Anuszkiewicz Monet (b) Luminance Differences Michelangelo DaVinci Topic 4 - Foveal vs. Peripheral Vision Poussin Impressionists
Oct	7	Question & Answer/Review [ Study Guide ] ----------------------------------------------------------- Pay more for a Sharp Quattron? Claimed Gamut Change RadioLab show on Color xkcd explains color (Thanks, Ellie)
Oct	9	TEST 2
VISION II
Oct	19	Space, Distance, & Depth - Overview of Topics  Binocular Cues  Corresponding Retinal Points Noncorresponding Retinal Points The Horopter and Retinal Disparity The Horopter and Retinal Disparity 2 The Horopter and Panum's Area Retinal Disparity Vieth-Muller Circle Your Textbook: 208-212
*	*	Manipulation of Binocular Cues to Produce Depth Effects Wheatstone Stereoscope  Producing Retinal Disparity Reproducing Viewpoints with Binocular Stereograms Nintendo VirtualBoy Nintendo 3DS - Parallax Barrier Technology Oculus Rift ------------------------------------------------- Anaglyphs Effect of Looking at an Anaglyph through a Red Filter How the Anaglyph Produces its Depth Effects Example Anaglyphs (red/cyan glasses required) Example1 Example2 Example3 Example4 Example5 Example6 Example7 NSG Examples Example1 Example2 Example3 Airplane Anaglyphs: P38 T33 T33 Floatplane Dogfight ------------------------------------------------- Modern Approach - Polarization - Example 1 - Example 2  Modern Anaglyph - RealD 3D ------------------------------------------------- Bela Julez and the Random Dot Stereogram Fooling Fusion - Single Image Stereograms (a.k.a "Magic Eye") The Problem with Repeated Patterns (a.k.a. "Wallpaper Effect") How a SIS works Example SIS #1 Example SIS #2 Example SIS #3 ------------------------------------------------- The Google Cardboard Project Cardboard Viewer - Unassembled Cardboard Viewer - Assembled Cardboard Viewer - Inserting Phone Viewmaster adopts Cardboard protocol ------------------------------------------------- Binocular Rivalry - Different Images to same location on the two Retinas - What will happen? Wheatstone Stereoscope: S vs A  Binocular Rivalry Example (requires red/cyan glasses) Your Textbook: 212-216
*	*	Space, Distance, & Depth - Monocular Cues - Summary  Monocular Cues Example Size-Distance Issue for Retinal Images  - Example  Linear Perspective Approach Linear Perspective Technique Location with respect to Horizon Aerial Perspective Example Another Aerial Perspective Example - Leap of Faith (1939) - J. A. Hampton Static Shadow Cue to Depth ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ames Room (2 Mb QT Movie) Ames Room Diagram ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-D Pavement Art Illusions: Julian Beever & Kurt Wenner X Room Illusion Rubik's Cube Illusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fredo Art - (Wladimir Inostroza) Hovering Bugs - Elephant - Bottle - Bitten Finger - Cut Finger ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Impossible trident Another Depth Illusion - The Balcony Drawings of M. C. Escher Moon Illusion Hogarth 1753 - false perspectives ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sometimes pictures don't deceive! Robert Wadlow -  World's tallest man  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Your Textbook: 193-203
		Richard Gregory "Inappropriate Scaling" Theory Ponzo Illusion Muller-Lyer Illusion Poggendorf Illusion Zollner Illusion Dumbbell Illusion
*	*	Perception of Movement Corollary Discharge Theory Motion effect with Afterimages Autokinetic Effect Another variant of the Autokinetic Effect Motion Induced Blindness Your Textbook: More Motion Illusions by Akiyoshi Kitaoka -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*	*	Motion Parallax James Jerome Gibson Simple Motion Parallax Diagram Motion Parallax Diagram with Horopter ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Motion Aftereffect Standard Induced Motion Example Shadow Cues and Motion (2nd example) Structure from Motion 1 (Accretion & Deletion) Structure from Motion - The Aperture Issue (aka Barber Pole Illusion) Structure from Motion 2 (Local vs. Global Occlusion) Structure from Motion 3 (Kinetic Depth Effect) Structure from Motion 4 (Biological Motion) Structure from Motion 4b (Biological Motion) Depth from Motion 1 Depth from Motion 2 Living in a Reversed World - Erismann & Kohler, narrated by JJ Gibson Texture Gradient 1 Texture Gradient 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Optic Flow Eleanor Gibson and the Visual Cliff experiment Visual Cliff Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Your Textbook:204-207
*	*	Stroboscopic Motion: Beta vs. Phi and MagnaPhi Static Image Beta Motion Beta (300 ms) - Beta (150 ms) Helmholtz - Unconscious Inference Stroboscopic Motion: Wagon wheel Illusion 1 Stroboscopic Motion: Wagon wheel Illusion 2 Does the Wagon Wheel Illusion Occur In Continuous Light? (Purves et al., 1996) Saccadic Suppression Phi (40 ms) Motion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pac-man Illusion Article on Motion Illusions by Stuart Anstis Motion Demos by George Mather
*	*	Form The Gestalt Psychologists and Von Ehrenfels ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure-Ground Distinction Ambiguous Figure 1 [Rubin (1915) and an interesting variant and a superhero variant] Ambiguous Figure 2 [Jastrow (1899) and a NC variant] Ambiguous Figure 3 (Necker, 1832) Ambiguous Figure 4 - Adolescence (Salvador Dali, 1941) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Grouping - Principle of Prägnanz Kanizsa Triangle 1 4 Laws of Grouping Grouping by Common Fate Gabor - Good continuation Glass Patterns - Proximity The Problem of Prediction: 1 2 3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kanizsa Triangle 2 New Illusion - Moving Kanizsa Pyramid! Motion-induced Blindness Ouchi Illusion - Ouchi Illusion (adjustable) Breathing Square - Importance of Local Cues ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Object Recognition - Structural Approach Object Recognition - View-point / Image Approach Greeble - Greeble Identification - Greeble is a Verb! 1 2 Thatcher Illusion - the USA Version Change Blindness - Airplane Change Blindness - Chopper Change Blindness - Dinner Plate Change Blindness - Money Change Blindness - Merry Go Round Change Blindness - Frogs Change Blindness - Workroom Change Blindness - Bistro Classic Form Illusions Koffka Ring: Effect of Grouping on Simultaneous Contrast White's Illusion: Effect of Grouping on Simultaneous Contrast Your Textbook: 120-136
Oct	30	Question & Answer/Review [ Study Guide ]  [Test Released by 5 PM ]
Nov	2	Test 3 - Due by 12 PM
AUDITION: Parallels and Differences
Nov	11	Physics of Sound - Summary  Sound as Pressure Change Sound as Vibration Sound as Waves Sound as a Sine Wave Sound as a Sine Wave with Phase Angles (Large) Frequency Amplitude Common Amplitudes Phase Interference More complex waves A general problem for the hearing system ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Relationship between Wavelength and Frequency (log scale conversions) (dB Racing Article ) (Or listen to a story on dB racing from "This American Life") (World's Loudest Wheelbarrow) Lowest Sung Note Howard Knob Wind Turbine A Shrimp that Kills with Sound Inside the Quietest Room on Earth Your Textbook: 330-337
*	*	Auditory Physiology 1000 Hz tone The Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Normal IHC function Your Textbook: 339-348
*	*	Auditory Physiology & Pitch Issue of Pitch Helmholtz - Resonance Theory - The inside of a piano Rutherford - Frequency Theory Wever & Bray (1937) - Volley Principle Von Bekesy - Place Theory Von Bekesy's Mechanical Model Von Bekesy's Results A Traveling Wave Basilar Membrane Animation Fourier Analysis Your Textbook:
*	*	Damaged Hearing Conductive Loss vs. Sensorineural Loss Normal OHC Damaged OHC Damaged Hair Cells Comparison of Normal & Damaged Hair Cells Presbycusis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Measuring Hearing Loss Tuning Fork tests How to read an audiogram Example Audiogram Example Audiogram showing Sensorineural Loss Example Audiogram showing Conductive Loss Range of Hearing Loss Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cochlear Implant Description of Cochlear Implant in operation Mammano & Nobili Cochlea Site Cochlear Implant Simulations for Speech & Music Implant Simulations of Speech Hearing Loss Simulation Additional Implant Simulations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ATC Story about Mosquito Tone 17Khz Tone ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recent Article on Earplugs for Concerts located Here ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Your Textbook: 356-363
*	*	Psychophysics of Pitch and Loudness S. S. Stevens  --  Proposed Scales  Audibility Function Equal Loudness Contour (Sound Demo) Frequency to Pitch function Frequency to Mel function Amplitude-Frequency Shift (Equal Pitch Contours) Speech Frequencies ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Doppler Effect and 2 Police Cars Neuhoff-McBeath Doppler Illusion Your Textbook: 333-336
*	*	Sound Localization The General Problem  ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Binaural Disparity Directions terminology Basic situation Interaural Intensity Difference - Frequency & Intensity Interaural Time Difference Stevens & Newman (1936) - Experimental Set-up Cone of Confusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF) Head Motion: Speakers vs Headphones Music The problem of Echoes: Outside vs. Inside Effect of Separation Time of Sounds (Reverberation Time Demo) Head Size & High Frequency Hearing (Heffner, 1983) Your Textbook: 374-384
		Auditory Scene Analysis Back to The General Problem ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Effect of Sounds on the Basilar Membrane Basilar Membrane Animation Fourier Analysis The Problem of Grouping Sounds ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Albert Bregman Spatial Location Principles of Auditory Grouping: Simultaneous Grouping Sequential Grouping Pitch Similarity Proximity in Time Good Continuation Repetition Temporal Proximity vs. Similarity - Wessel Effect Bregman's Auditory Scene Analysis Demo Site Your Textbook:
*	*	Music Pitch Perception Guitar Note (a closer look) Harmonics & Standing Waves Music note is a complex wave Piano Note - Fourier Plot Harmonics Differ Among Instruments Helmholtz - Fundamental vs Harmonics ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Timbre Middle C (C4) on Different Instruments Piano Acoustic Guitar Electric Guitar Bb Clarinet Baritone Saxophone Trumpet French Horn Tuba ---------------------------------------------------------------------- What are the Psychological Dimensions of Timbre? A Multi-Dimensional Scaling solution (Iverson & Krumhansl, 1993) Timbre - Static Differences Timbre is more than only harmonics - Demo Timbre - Dynamic Differences - ADSR ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The Missing Fundamental Effect - Challenge to Helmholtz Your Textbook:
*	*	Piano Keyboard Piano Action Pitch as a linear scale Piano Frequencies to produce equal increases in pitch Octave effect Pitch chroma circle - Concept of Chroma Octave Pitch vs. Frequency Pitch as a helix Chords Melody Melody 1a Melody 1b Rhythm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Shepard Illusion Shepard tone Barber pole illusion Penrose Stairs Endless staircase - Shepard illusion Shepard Illusion - discrete steps [wav] [mp3] Risset continuous change [wav] [mp3] Your Textbook:
*	*	Consonance & Dissonance Piano Frequencies Note pairs produce different listening experiences: Example Musical Consonance and Dissonance Note-Pairs Examples and Pattern (McDermott et al., 2010) Prediction of Consonance and Dissonance: Physics and Physiology Physics: Auditory Beats Sequences - Musical Consonance and Dissonance Example 1 + End Example 2 + End Your Textbook:
		Interactions Between Hearing & Seeing Visual Capture The Pseudophone: Hearing vs. Seeing The McGurk Effect Why the McGurk Effect Occurs George & Tony Sound Influences Seeing: Balls In Motion (Sekuler et al., 1997) Your Textbook:
Dec	2	Question & Answer/Review [ Study Guide ]
	2	TEST 4 - Due Noon 12/7
*	*	How to prep for Final Exam, Final Q &A
		Final Exam -?