1. Understand sine waves and the physical measures of frequency (Hertz) and amplitude (decibel). Be able to apply them in concrete situations. What happens when sound waves combine?

2. Know how these physical measures of sound connect with our subjective experience.

3. Know the sequence from a sound wave entering the auditory canal to the bending of a hair cell.

4. Consider the cases of a 27.5 Hz and a 4186 Hz sound signal (the lowest and highest note on the piano keyboard). Know how these signals affect the basilar membrane and produce hearing according to a frequency/volley explanation and the place explanations by Helmholtz and Von Bekesy.

5. What is a click-induced otoacoustic emission? How does this happen? How can we use this emission to diagnose hearing loss? What is a spontaneous otoacoustic emission? What do these otoacoustic emissions tell us about the basilar membrane?

6. What is an audibility function? How is it produced? Know the general shape of the function. What does this tell us about hearing?

7. What is an equal loudness contour? How are they produced? Know the general shape of these functions. Functionally, what does these contours tell us about hearing?

8. What is an equal pitch contour? Know the general shapes of these contours. How are they produced? Functionally, what do these contours tell us about hearing?

9. What were Steven's scales of loudness and pitch? How were they produced?

10. Know how interaural intensity differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

11. Know how interaural time differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with alll frequencies?

12. The duplex theory of sound localization was tested in an experiment by Stevens and Newman. What were the results? What do the results suggest for human hearing?

13. What is the cone of confusion? Why do we have difficulty discriminating between a sound located at 0 and at 180 degrees. Explain why moving your head makes localizing a sound easier.

14. What is a Fourier analysis? What is the fundamental frequency? What are harmonics? What is the missing fundamental effect and why is it important?

15. What is tone chroma? What is tone height? Shepard's psychological scale for musical notes has the shape of a helix. Know what that shape means and why it has that shape.

16. A "Shepard note" was designed by Roger Shepard to have a peculiar property. Explain the structure of a Shepard note. What is the musical illusion that Shepard notes produce?

17. What is a pseudophone? What happens when you have sight and hearing in conflict? Which one "wins"?