1. Understand sound waves and the physical measures of frequency (Hertz) and amplitude (decibel). What does it mean to go from 100 Hz to 200 Hz? What does 0 dB SPL mean? What does it mean to go from 0 dB to 40 dB SPL?

2. Understand describing sound waves as sine waves. In what sense is this description accurate and inaccurate? What happens when sound waves combine?

3. Know the difference between pitch and frequency, loudness and amplitude.

4. Know the structure of the ear. Be able to follow the sequence from a sound wave hitting the pinna to the bending of a hair cell. Understand the different functions of the Inner Hair Cells and the Outer Hair Cells.

5. Consider the cases of a 50 Hz and a 5000 Hz sound signal. Know how these signals affect the basilar membrane and produce hearing according to a frequency/volley explanation and the place explanations of Helmholtz and Von Bekesy.

6. What is a click-induced otoacoustic emission? How does this happen? How can we use this emission to diagnose hearing loss? What is a spontaneous otoacoustic emission? What do these spontaneous otoacoustic emissions tell us about the basilar membrane?

7. What is an audibility function? How is it produced? Know the general shape of the function. What does this tell us about hearing?

8. What is an equal loudness contour? How are they produced? Know the general shape of these functions. Functionally, what does these contours tell us about hearing?

9. What is the amplitude-frequency shift? Know the general shapes of these contours. How are they produced? Functionally, what do these contours tell us about hearing?

10. What were Steven's scales of loudness and pitch? How were they created?

11. Understand the azimuth system for indicating direction.

12. Know how interaural intensity differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

13. Know how interaural time differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

14. The duplex theory of sound localization was tested in an experiment by Stevens and Newman. What were the results? What do the results suggest for human hearing?

15. What is the cone of confusion? Why do we have difficulty discriminating between a sound located at 0 and at 180 degrees? Explain why moving your head makes localizing a sound easier.

16. What happens on your basilar membrane when I play a musical note on a piano, like a middle-C (262 Hz) . How is that different from a 262 Hz sine wave? What is a Fourier analysis?

17. For musical notes, what is the fundamental frequency? What are harmonics? What is timbre? What is the missing fundamental effect and why is it important?

18. What is tone chroma? What is tone height? Shepard's psychological scale for musical notes has the shape of a helix. Why does it have that shape?

19. A "Shepard note" was designed by Roger Shepard to have a peculiar property. Explain the structure of a Shepard note. What is the musical illusion that Shepard notes produce?

20. What is the general problem for the hearing system according to Bregman's Auditory Scene Analysis approach?

21. What are the Gestalt Psychology organizational principles? Gestalt Psychology grouping principles? What is auditory stream segregation? Understand the grouping principles that produce stream segregation.

22. What is the sequence by which we produce a speech sound like /t/? What is the difference between producing a vowel and a consonant?

23. What is a phoneme?

24. Be able to read a speech spectrogram.