1. Understand sound waves and the physical measures of frequency (Hertz) and amplitude (decibel). What does it mean to go from 100 Hz to 200 Hz? What does 0 dB SPL mean? What is the change in amplitude to go from 0 dB to 40 dB SPL?

2. Understand describing sound waves as sine waves. In what sense is this description accurate and inaccurate? What happens when sound waves combine?

3. Know the difference between pitch vs. frequency and loudness vs. amplitude when reading a question.

4. Know the structure of the ear. Be able to follow the sequence from a 1000 Hz sound wave hitting the pinna to the bending of a hair cell. Understand the different functions of the Inner Hair Cells and the Outer Hair Cells.

5. Consider the cases of a 50 Hz and a 5000 Hz sound. Know how these sounds are supposed to affect the basilar membrane and produce hearing according to the frequency/volley explanation and the place explanations of Helmholtz and Von Bekesy.

6. What is the difference between conduction and sensorineural hearing loss?

7. What is presbycusis? What happens? Why does it happen?

8. What happens on your basilar membrane when I play 3 different musical notes on a piano. How is that related to Fourier analysis?

9. What is a click-induced otoacoustic emission? How does this happen? How can we use this emission to diagnose hearing loss?

10. What is an audibility function? How is it produced? Know the general shape of the function. What does this tell us about hearing?

11. What is an equal loudness contour? How are they produced? Know the general shape of these functions. Functionally, what does these contours tell us about hearing?

12. What is the amplitude-frequency shift? Know the general shapes of these contours. How are they produced? Functionally, what do these contours tell us about hearing?

13. What were Steven's scales of loudness and pitch? How were they created?

14. Understand the azimuth system for indicating direction.

15. Know how interaural intensity differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

16. Know how interaural time differences contribute to localization of sounds. Does this work with all frequencies?

17. The duplex theory of sound localization was tested in an experiment by Stevens and Newman. What were the results? What do the results suggest for human hearing?

18. What is the cone of confusion? Why do we have difficulty discriminating between a sound located at 0 and at 180 degrees? Explain why moving your head makes localizing a sound easier.

19. What is the general problem for the hearing system according to Bregman's Auditory Scene Analysis approach?

20. What is auditory stream segregation? How is that related to Gestalt grouping principles?